Persian Phonetics and Phonology (Sounds)
Consonants:
There are 23 consonant sounds in Persian, most of which are also found
in English. The velar fricatives [x] and [q] are the only Persian
consonants that do not occur in English. Conversely, there are four
English consonants that do not exist in Persian. These sounds are the
interdentals [ ] and [ð], as in thigh and thy, the rounded velar glide
[w], as in went, and the velar nasal [ ], as in the final sound of
sing.
Persian Consonants
Bilabial Labiodental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Stops Voiceless p
t
k
Voiced b
d
g
Fricatives Voiceless
f s
x h
Voiced
v z
q
Affricates Voiceless
t
Voiced
d
Nasals m
n
Liquids
r, l
Glides
j
Chart
Phoneme
Sound (in IPA)
Letter
Romanization
Example(s)
/p/ [p] پ p پارسی
/b/ [b] ب b بانو
/t/ [t] ت , ط t توران
/d/ [d] د d دنيا
/k/ [k] ک k كشور
/g/ [g] گ g گروه
/ʔ/ [ʔ] ء , ع ' , Ø عمل / مسائل
/tʃ/ [tʃ] چ ch, č, c چوب
/dʒ/ [dʒ] ج j, ǰ جوان
/f/ [f] ف f فارسی
/v/ [v] و v ويژه
/s/ [s] س , ص, ث s سايه
/z/ [z] ز , ذ , ض , ظ z آزاد
/ʃ/ [ʃ] ش sh, š شاه
/ʒ/ [ʒ] ژ zh, ž پژوهش
/x/ [x] خ kh, x خانواده
/ɣ/ [ɣ] غ , ق gh, q, ġ باغ
/ɣ/ [ɢ] غ , ق q, gh غذا
/h/ [h] ه , ح h حال
/m/ [m] م m نام
/n/ [n] ن n نان
/l/ [l] ل l لب
/ɾ/ [ɾ] ر r رستوران
/j/ [j] ی y يا
Alveolar stops /t/ and /d/ are either apico-alveolar or apico-dental.
The unvoiced stops /p, t, tʃ, k/ are aspirated much like their English
counterparts: they become aspirated when they begin a syllable, though
aspiration is not contrastive.[3] When /ɣ/ occurs at the beginning of a
word, it is realized as a voiced uvular plosive [ɢ]. [1] [4] In
Classical Persian, غ and ق denoted [ɣ] and [q], respectively. In modern
Tehrani Persian (which is used in the Iranian mass media), there is no
difference in the pronunciation of غ and ق (both of them representing
[ɣ] or [ɢ], depending on their position in the word). However, the
classic pronunciation difference (for غ and ق) is preserved in the
eastern variants of Persian (i.e. Dari and Tajiki), as well as the
southern dialects of the modern Iranian variety (e.g. Yazdi and Kermani
dialects).
Vowels
Diachronically, Persian possessed a distinction of length in its
underlying vowel inventory, contrasting the long vowels /iː/, /uː/,
/ɒː/ with the short vowels /e/, /o/, /æ/ respectively. Word-final /o/
does not occur frequently (except for to - 'thou'), and word-final /æ/
is very rare in Iranian Persian (except for næ - 'no'). The word-final
/æ/ in Early New Persian mostly shifted to /e/ in contemporary Iranian
Persian (often romanized as
There are six vowel sounds in the Persian language. Three are
considered long vowels; the other three are short vowels. The three
long vowels are [i:], [u], and [ ]; the three short vowels are [æ],
[e], and [o]. There are also two diphthongs: [ei] and [ou]. All of the
Persian vowel sounds are the same or very similar to English vowels;
however, English has several vowels that do not exist in Persian. These
include [i] as in bit, [ ] as in but, [ ] as in book, and [ ] as in the
middle vowel sound in sympathy.
Persian Vowels
Tongue Height Part of Tongue
Front
Centre
Back
High
i:
u
e o
Mid
Low
English Vowel Chart for Comparison
Tongue Height Part of Tongue
Front
Centre
Back
High
i:
u
i
e
o
Mid
Low
Diphthongs
Persian has two diphthongs, /eɪ/ and /oʊ/.
Chart
Phoneme (in IPA)
Letter
Romanization
Example(s)
/æ/ َ , ا a, æ /næ/ نه no
/ɒː/ آ , ا a, aa, ā, â, A /tɒː/ تا till
/e/ ِ , ا e /ke/ که that
/iː/ ی i, ee, y /kiː/ کی who
/o/ ا , ُ , و o /to/ تو thou, you (singular)
/uː/ و u, oo, ou /tuː/ تو in
/eɪ/ ی ey, ei, ay, ai /keɪ/ کی when
/oʊ/ و ow, au /noʊ/ نو new
Historical shifts
Early New Persian had eight vowels: i, ī, ē, u, ū, ō, a, ā (in IPA:
/i,iː,eː,u,uː,oː,æ,ɒː/). The following chart describes their shifts
into Tajik, Afghan Dari, and contemporary Iranian Persian. [2]
Tajik i e u ů a o
┌↑┐ ↑ ┌↑┐ ↑ ↑ ↑
Early NP i ī ē u ū ō a ā
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Afghan e i ē o u ō a ā
↓ └↓┘ ↓ └↓┘ ↓ ↓
Iranian e ī o ū a ā
See also: Tajik vowels
Phonotactics
Syllable Structure
Syllables may be structured as (C) V (C) (C) .[3][4]
Stress
One syllable in each word (or breath group) is stressed, and knowing
the rules is conducive to proper pronunciation. [5] General rule: I.
Stress falls on the last stem syllable of most words. Exceptions and
clarifications: II. Stress falls on the first syllable of
interjections, conjunctions and vocatives. E.g. /'bale/ "yes",
/'nakheir/ "no indeed", /'vali/ "but", /'cerā/ "why", /'agar/ "if",
/'mersi/ "thanks", /'xānom/ "Ma'am", /'āqā/ "Sir"; cf. IV-3 īnfrā. III.
Never stressed are: 1) personal suffixes on verbs (-am "I do..", -i
"you do..", .., -and "they do..") (with one exception, cf. IV-1 īnfrā);
2) a small set of very common noun enclitics: the ezāfe (-e/-ye) "of",
-rā "[direct object marker]", -i "a, an", -o "and"; 3) the possessive
and pronoun-object suffixes, -am, -et, -esh, &c. IV. Always
stressed are: 1) the personal suffixes on the positive future auxiliary
verb (the single exception to III-1 suprā); 2) the negative verb prefix
na-/ne-, if present; 3) if na-/ne- is not present, then the first
non-negative verb prefix (e.g. mi- "-ing", bi- "Do!", and the prefix
noun in compound verbs (e.g. kār in kār mi-kardam); 3) the last
syllable of all other words, including the infinitive ending -an and
the participial ending -te in verbal derivatives, noun suffixes like -i
"-ish" and -egi, all plural suffixes (-hā, -ān), adjective comparative
suffixes (-tar, -tarin), and ordinal-number suffixes (-om). Nouns not
in the vocative are stressed on the final syllable: /xā'nom/ "lady",
/ā'qā/ "gentleman"; cf. II suprā. In transcription, enclitics (like the
ezāfe) and personal suffixes should be written separated from their
words by a hyphen, to show that they are unstressed. Stressed prefixes
should be joined with a hyphen. Interjections &c. should be marked
with an acute diacritic on their initial syllable.
Colloquial Iranian Persian
When spoken formally, Iranian Persian is pronounced as written. But
colloquial pronunciation as used by all classes makes a number of very
common substitutions. They include:[5]
• Written -ɒn- is nearly always pronounced /-un-/. The only common
exceptions are high prestige words, like the Qur'an /ɢoɾʔɒn/, and Iran
/iɾɒn/, which are pronounced as written. A few words with -ɒm- are
pronounced /-um-/, especially the verb "to come".
• The unstressed direct object suffix marker rɒ is pronounced /ro/, or /o/ after a consonant.
• The stems of many verbs have a short colloquial form, especially
æst "he/she is" is colloquially pronounced /e/ after a consonant.
• The 2nd and 3rd person plural suffixes -id and -ænd become /-in/ and /-æn/, respectively.
• Many frequently-occurring verbs become shortened, such as mixɒhæm "I want" to mixɒm, and mirævæm "I go" to miræm.
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